Bismarka arhipelāgs

Bismarka arhipelāgs ir salu grupa Melanēzijā, Jaungvinejas ziemeļaustrumu piekrastē, Klusā okeāna rietumu daļā. Administratīvi veido daļu no Papua-Jaungvinejas Salu reģiona. Bismarka arhipelāgs sastāv no galvenokārt vulkāniskas izcelsmes salām ar kopējo platību 49 700 km². Arhipelāga salas puslokā aptver Bismarka jūru, un tas izvietojies uz Ziemeļu Bismarka, Manusas un Dienvidu Bismarka tektoniskajām plātnēm.

Vēsture

1908. gada zīmējums, kurā ir attēlota kāda no Bismarka arhipelāga salām

Pirmie iedzīvotāji arhipelāgā ieradās aptuveni pirms 33 000 gadiem no Jaungvinejas, izmantojot vai nu laivas, lai šķērsotu Bismarka jūru, vai arī īslaicīgi esošu zemes strēli, kas izveidojās zemes garozas pacēluma dēļ. Vēlāk arhipelāgā uz dzīvi apmetās Lapitu cilvēki.

Pirmais eiropietis, kas apmeklēja salas, bija holandiešu jūrasbraucējs Villems Shautens 1616. gadā. Rietumeiropieši salās sāka dzīvot no 1884. gada, kad salas tika pievienotas Vācijas protektorātam.^[1] Teritorija tika nosaukta par godu Vācijas kancleram Oto fon Bismarkam.

1888. gada 13. martā Ritera salā notika vulkāna izvirdums, izraisot megacunami. Gandrīz viss vulkāns nobruka okeānā, atstājot nelielu krāterezeru.^[2]

1914. gadā, Pirmā pasaules kara laikā, Austrālijas jūras spēki ieņēma salas un vēlāk ieguva Nāciju līgas mandātu, kas atļāva salu pāreju Austrālijas pakļautībā. Otrā pasaules kara laikā salas ieņēma Japānas karaspēks, bet vēlāk Austrālija tās atguva. 1975. gada septembrī Papua-Jaungvineja kļuva par neatkarīgu valsti, kuras sastāvā iekļāva Bismarka arhipelāgu.^[3]

Atsauces

↑ Arhipelāga informācija infoplease.com
↑ Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (September 2003). "Ritter Island Volcano —Lateral Collapse and the Tsunami of 1888". Geophysical Journal International (Blackwell Publishing) 154 (3): 891. Bibcode 2003GeoJI.154..891W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x. "In the early morning of 1888 March 13, roughly 5 km³ of Ritter Island Volcano fell violently into the sea northeast of New Guinea. This event, the largest lateral collapse of an island volcano to be recorded in historical time, flung devastating tsunami tens of metres high on to adjacent shores. Several hundred kilometres away, observers on New Guinea chronicled 3-min period waves up to 8 m high, that lasted for as long as 3 h. These accounts represent the best available first-hand information on tsunami generated by a major volcano lateral collapse. In this article, we simulate the Ritter Island landslide as constrained by a 1985 sonar survey of its debris field and compare predicted tsunami with historical observations. (..) The consensus between theory and observation for the Ritter Island waves increases our confidence in the existence of mega-tsunami produced by oceanic volcano collapses two to three orders of magnitude larger in scale."
↑ Bismarck Archipelago. (2016). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. Abington, UK: Helicon

Bibliogrāfija

Firts, Stjuarts (1983). New Guinea Under the Germans. Karltona, Austrālija: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84220-8.
Houvs, K. R., Roberts C. Kists, Brij V. Lal, eds. (1994). Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1597-1.
Kings, Deivids et al. (1982). Papua New Guinea Atlas: A Nation in Transition. Bētursta, Austrālija: R. Brown and the University of Papua New Guinea. ISBN 0-909197-14-8.
Mūrs, Klīvs (2003). New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2485-7.
Raiens, Pīters, ed. (1972). Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea. 3 volumes; Vol I: A - K, maps, black and white illustrations, xv + 588pp. Vol II: l - Z, maps, black and white illustrations, 589-1231pp. Vol III: Index, folding colour map in rear pocket, map, colour illustration, v + 83pp. Karltona, Austrālijka: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84025-4.

Ārējās saites

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Bismarka arhipelāgs.

Encyclopædia Britannica raksts (angliski)
Encyclopædia Universalis raksts (franciski)

Koordinātas: 5°00′S 150°00′E / 5.000°S 150.000°E / -5.000; 150.000

[1] Arhipelāga informācija infoplease.com

[2] Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (September 2003). "Ritter Island Volcano —Lateral Collapse and the Tsunami of 1888". Geophysical Journal International (Blackwell Publishing) 154 (3): 891. Bibcode 2003GeoJI.154..891W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x. "In the early morning of 1888 March 13, roughly 5 km³ of Ritter Island Volcano fell violently into the sea northeast of New Guinea. This event, the largest lateral collapse of an island volcano to be recorded in historical time, flung devastating tsunami tens of metres high on to adjacent shores. Several hundred kilometres away, observers on New Guinea chronicled 3-min period waves up to 8 m high, that lasted for as long as 3 h. These accounts represent the best available first-hand information on tsunami generated by a major volcano lateral collapse. In this article, we simulate the Ritter Island landslide as constrained by a 1985 sonar survey of its debris field and compare predicted tsunami with historical observations. (..) The consensus between theory and observation for the Ritter Island waves increases our confidence in the existence of mega-tsunami produced by oceanic volcano collapses two to three orders of magnitude larger in scale."

[credo-3] Bismarck Archipelago. (2016). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. Abington, UK: Helicon

[1]

[2]

[3]