Viljams Šoklijs

Viljams Šoklijs; William Bradford Shockley Jr.
Viljams Šoklijs 1975. gadā
Personīgā informācija
Dzimis	1910. gada 13. februārī ; Londona, Apvienotā Karaliste
Miris	1989. gada 12. augustā (79 gadi); Stenforda, Kalifornija, ASV
Pilsonība	ASV
Zinātniskā darbība
Zinātne	fizika
Darba vietas	Bell Labs; Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory; Stenforda Universitāte
Alma mater	Masačūsetsas Tehnoloģiju institūts; Kalifornijas Tehnoloģiju institūts
Pasniedzēji	Džons Sleiters
Sasniegumi, atklājumi	Punktveida kontakta tranzistors un GJT tranzistors (Grown-junction transistor); Diffused-base transistor; Heterojunction bipolar transistor; Tiristors; BARITT diode; Šoklija diode; P-N pārejas teorija; Bipolārā tranzistora (BJT) teorija; Lauka-efekta tranzistora (FET) teorija; Deathnium; Deep-level trap; Empty lattice approximation; Gradual channel approximation; Lucky electron model; Hot electron theory (Hot electron injection); Channel length modulation; Process variation; Ion implantation; Low-level injection; Through-silicon via (TSV); Transmission line measurement; Šoklija diodes vienādojums; Shockley-Read-Hall recombination (Carrier generation and recombination); Shockley partials (Partial dislocation); Shockley–Ramo theorem; Shockley states (Surface states); Shockley–Queisser limit; Haynes-Shockley experiment; Read-Shockley equation (Grain boundary - Boundary energy); Van Roosbroeck-Shockley equation (Reciprocitāte (optoelektronikā));
Apbalvojumi	Nobela prēmija fizikā (1956); Comstock Prize in Physics (1953); Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1953); Wilheln Exner Medal (1963); IEEE Medal of Honor (1980);

Viljams Šoklijs (angļu: William Bradford Shockley Jr., dzimis 1910. gada 13. februārī, miris 1989. gada 12. augustā) bija ASV fiziķis un izgudrotājs. 1956. gadā Šoklijam kopā ar Džonu Bardīnu un Volteru Brateinu tika piešķirta Nobela prēmija fizikā par viņu pusvadītāju pētījumiem un tranzistora efekta atklāšanu.^[1]

Biogrāfija

Kopš 1945. gada Šoklijs bija Bell Labs izpētes grupas vadītājs, kurā bija Džons Bardīns un Volters Brateins. Pēc Bell Labs izpētes grupas izjukšanas, 1956. gadā Šoklijs pārvācās no Ņūdžersijas uz Kaliforniju, kur izveidoja savu pusvadītāju ražotni Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, kur viņš strādāja pie jaunu tranzistoru izstrādes komercializācijas. Šoklija uzņēmums, kas bija Beckman Instruments, Inc. nodaļa, bija pirmais tāda tipa uzņēmums, kas strādāja ar pusvadītāju ierīcēm tā sauktajā Silīcija ielejā. Vēlāk daži no viņa darbiniekiem paši izveidoja savus uzņēmumus.

Džons Bardīns, Viljams Šoklijs un Volters Brateins Bell Labs, 1948. gads

Daļēji pateicoties Šoklija mēģinājumiem komercializēt jaunu tranzistora dizainu 20. gadsimta piecdesmitajos un sešdesmitajos gados, Kalifornijas Silīcija ieleja kļuva par elektronikas inovāciju rašanās vietu. Savā turpmākajā dzīvē, no 1958. gada Šoklijs bija Stenfordas Universitātes elektroinženierijas profesors, kur viņš arī kļuva par aktīvu eigēnikas teorijas atbalstītāju.^[2]

ASV patentēti vairāk nekā 90 Šoklija izgudrojumi.

Patenti

Šoklijam ir vairāk nekā 90 ASV patentu.^[3] Daži no nozīmīgākajiem:

Nosaukums	Piezīmes
US 2502488 Semiconductor Amplifier	Apr. 4, 1950; Šoklija pirmais patents saistīts ar tranzistoriem.
US 2569347 Circuit element utilizing semiconductive material	Sept. 25, 1951; Viņa agrākais ar tranzistoriem saistītais pieteikums (1948. gada 26. jūnijs).
US 2655609 Bistable Circuits	Okt. 13, 1953; Izmantots datoros.
US 2787564 Forming Semiconductive Devices by Ionic Bombardment	Apr. 2, 1957; Difūzijas process piemaisījumu implantēšanai.
US 3031275 Process for Growing Single Crystals	Apr. 24, 1962; Uzlabojumi pamatmateriālu ražošanas procesā.
US 3053635 Method of Growing Silicon Carbide Crystals	Sept. 11, 1962; Citu pusvadītāju izpēte.

Bibliogrāfija

Šoklija pirmskara zinātniskie raksti

An Electron Microscope for Filaments: Emission and Adsorption by Tungsten Single Crystals, R. P. Johnson and W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 49, 436–440 (1936) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.49.436
Optical Absorption by the Alkali Halides, J. C. Slater and W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 50, 705–719 (1936) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.50.705
Electronic Energy Bands in Sodium Chloride, William Shockley, Phys. Rev. 50, 754–759 (1936) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.50.754
The Empty Lattice Test of the Cellular Method in Solids, W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 52, 866–872 (1937) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.52.866
On the Surface States Associated with a Periodic Potential, William Shockley, Phys. Rev. 56, 317–323 (1939) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.317
The Self-Diffusion of Copper, J. Steigman, W. Shockley and F. C. Nix, Phys. Rev. 56, 13–21 (1939) doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.13

Šoklija pēckara raksti

"The Theory of p‐n Junctions in Semiconductors and p‐n Junction Transistors", W Shockley (1949) doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb03645.x
"Hole Injection in Germanium—Quantitative Studies and Filamentary Transistors", W. Shockley G. L. Pearson J. R. Haynes (1949) doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb03641.x
"Hot Electrons in Germanium and Ohm's Law", W. Shockley (1951) doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb03692.x
"Negative Resistance Arising from Transit Time in Semiconductor Diodes", W. Shockley (1954) doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1954.tb03742.x
"Unit‐Cube Expression for Space‐Charge Resistance", S. M. Sze, W. Shockley (1967) doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1967.tb01716.x
"On the Statistics of Individual Variations of Productivity in Research Laboratories", Shockley 1957
Iedzimtība:
- Shockley 1965, "Is Quality of US Population Declining." U.S. News and World Report, November 22, pp. 68-71
- Shockley 1966, "Possible Transfer of Metallurgical and Astronomical Approaches to Problem of Environment versus Ethnic Heredity" (on an early form of admixture analysis)
- Shockley 1966, "Population Control or Eugenics." In J. D. Roslansky (ed.), Genetics and the Future of Man (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts)
- Shockley 1967, "The Entrenched Dogmatism of Inverted Liberals", manuscript by Shockley from which major portions were read in lectures
- Shockley 1968, "Proposed Research to Reduce Racial Aspects of the Environment-Heredity Uncertainty", proposal read by Shockley before the National Academy of Science on April 24, 1968
- Shockley 1968, "Ten Point Position Statement on Human Quality Problems", revised by Shockley from a talk which he presented on "Human Quality Problems and Research Taboos"
- Shockley 1969, "An Analysis Leading to a Recommendation Concerning Inquiry into Eugenic Legislation", press release by Shockley, Stanford University, 28 April 1969
- Shockley 1970, "A 'Try Simplest Cases' Approach to the Heredity-Poverty-Crime Problem." In V. L. Allen (ed.), Psychological Factors in Poverty (Chicago: Markham)
- Shockley 1979, "Proposed NAS Resolution, drafted October 17, 1970", proposed by Shockley before the National Academy of Sciences
- Shockley 1970, "New Methodology to Reduce the Environment-Heredity Uncertainty About Dysgenics"
- Shockley 1971, "Hardy-Weinberg Law Generalized to Estimate Hybrid Variance for Negro Populations and Reduce Racial Aspects of the Environment-Heredity Uncertainty"
- Shockley 1971, "Dysgenics - A Social Problem Evaded by the Illusion of Infinite Plasticity of Human Intelligence?", manuscript planned for reading at the American Psychological Association Symposium entitled: "Social Problems: Illusion, Delusion or Reality."
- "Models, Mathematics, and the Moral Obligation to Diagnose the Origin of Negro IQ Deficits", W. Shockley, (1971) ^[4]
- "Negro IQ Deficit: Failure of a 'Malicious Coincidence' Model Warrants New Research Proposals", Shockley 1971^[5]
- "Dysgenics, Geneticity, Raceology: A Challenge to the Intellectual Responsibility of Educators", Shockley 1972a^[6]
- "A Debate Challenge: Geneticity Is 80% for White Identical Twins' I.Q.'s", Shockley 1972b^[7]
- Shockley 1972, "Proposed Resolution Regarding the 80% Geneticity Estimate for Caucasian IQ", advance press release concerning a paper presented by Shockley
- Shockley 1973, "Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Frequencies Caused by Assortative Mating in Hybrid Populations"^[8]
- Shockley 1974, "Eugenic, or Anti-Dysgenic, Thinking Exercises", press release by Shockley dated 1974 May 3
- Shockley 1974, "Society Has a Moral Obligation to Diagnose Tragic Racial IQ Deficits", prepared statement by Shockley to be read during his debate against Roy Innis
- Shockley 1978, "Has Intellectual Humanitarianism Gone Berserk?", introductory statement read by Shockley prior to a lecture given by him at UT Dallas
- Shockley, 1979, "Anthropological Taboos About Determinations of Racial Mixes", press release by Shockley on 16 October 1979
- Shockley 1980, "Sperm Banks and Dark-Ages Dogmatism", position paper presented by Shockley in a lecture to the Rotary Club of Chico, California, 16 April 1980
- Shockley 1981, "Intelligence in Trouble", article by Shockley published in Leaders magazine, issue dated 1981 Jun 15

Grāmatas

Shockley, William – Electrons and holes in semiconductors, with applications to transistor electronics, Krieger (1956) ISBN 0-88275-382-7.
Shockley, William and Gong, Walter A – Mechanics Charles E. Merrill, Inc. (1966).
Shockley, William and Pearson, Roger – Shockley on Eugenics and Race: The Application of Science to the Solution of Human Problems, Scott-Townsend (1992) ISBN 1-878465-03-1.

Atsauces

↑ «The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956». Nobel Foundation.
↑ «William B. Shockley, 79, Creator of Transistor and Theory on Race». The New York Times.
↑ «Google Patents assignee:(Shockley William)». patents.google.com. Skatīts: 2020-12-12.
↑ Shockley, William (1971). "Models, Mathematics, and the Moral Obligation to Diagnose the Origin of Negro IQ Deficits". Review of Educational Research 41 (4): 369–377. doi:10.2307/1169443. ISSN 0034-6543.
↑ Shockley, William (1971). "Negro IQ Deficit: Failure of a "Malicious Coincidence" Model Warrants New Research Proposals". Review of Educational Research 41 (3): 227–248. doi:10.2307/1169529. ISSN 0034-6543.
↑ Shockley, Wiliam; Shockley, William (1972). "Dysgenics, Geneticity, Raceology: A Chalenge to the Intelectual Responsibility of Educators". The Phi Delta Kappan 53 (5): 297–307. ISSN 0031-7217.
↑ Shockley, William (1972). "A Debate Challenge: Geneticity Is 80% for White Identical Twins' I.Q.'s". The Phi Delta Kappan 53 (7): 415–419. ISSN 0031-7217.
↑ Shockley, William (1973). "Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Frequencies Caused by Assortative Mating in Hybrid Populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70 (3): 732–736. ISSN 0027-8424.

Ārējās saites

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Viljams Šoklijs.

Encyclopædia Britannica raksts (angliski)
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie raksts (vāciski)
Krievijas Lielās enciklopēdijas raksts (krieviski)
Encyclopædia Universalis raksts (franciski)
Biogrāfija Nobela prēmijas mājaslapā (angliski)
William Shockley interview with Playboy Playboy 1980,

Šis ar fiziku saistītais raksts ir nepilnīgs. Jūs varat dot savu ieguldījumu Vikipēdijā, papildinot to.

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Apbalvojumi
Priekštecis: Viliss Lems Polikarps Kušs	Nobela prēmija fizikā 1956. kopā ar Volteru Brateinu un Džonu Bardīnu	Pēctecis: Li Džendao Jans Džeņnins

[1] «The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956». Nobel Foundation.

[2] «William B. Shockley, 79, Creator of Transistor and Theory on Race». The New York Times.

[3] «Google Patents assignee:(Shockley William)». patents.google.com. Skatīts: 2020-12-12.

[4] Shockley, William (1971). "Models, Mathematics, and the Moral Obligation to Diagnose the Origin of Negro IQ Deficits". Review of Educational Research 41 (4): 369–377. doi:10.2307/1169443. ISSN 0034-6543.

[5] Shockley, William (1971). "Negro IQ Deficit: Failure of a "Malicious Coincidence" Model Warrants New Research Proposals". Review of Educational Research 41 (3): 227–248. doi:10.2307/1169529. ISSN 0034-6543.

[6] Shockley, Wiliam; Shockley, William (1972). "Dysgenics, Geneticity, Raceology: A Chalenge to the Intelectual Responsibility of Educators". The Phi Delta Kappan 53 (5): 297–307. ISSN 0031-7217.

[7] Shockley, William (1972). "A Debate Challenge: Geneticity Is 80% for White Identical Twins' I.Q.'s". The Phi Delta Kappan 53 (7): 415–419. ISSN 0031-7217.

[8] Shockley, William (1973). "Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Frequencies Caused by Assortative Mating in Hybrid Populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70 (3): 732–736. ISSN 0027-8424.

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