Gvadalkanalas kauja

Gvadalkanalas kauja
	Daļa no Zālamana salu kampaņas un Klusā okeāna kara
	; ASV jūras kājnieki atpūtas brīdī Gvadalkanalas kaujas laikā
Datums	1942. gada 7. augusts – 1943. gada 9. februāris
Vieta	Gvadalkanala, Britu Zālamana salas; 9°26′44″S 160°01′13″E / 9.44556°S 160.02028°EKoordinātas: 9°26′44″S 160°01′13″E / 9.44556°S 160.02028°E
Iznākums	Sabiedroto uzvara
Karotāji
ASV; Lielbritānija; • Britu Zālamanu salas; • Fidži; • Tonga; Austrālija; Jaunzēlandes domīnija;	Japānas Impērija
Komandieri un līderi
ASV Jūras kara flote:; Roberts L. Gormlijs; Viljams Halsijs; Ričmonds K. Tērners; Frenks Džeks Flečers; ASV Jūras kājnieku korpuss:; Aleksandrs Vandegrifts; Viljams H. Rupertus; Merits A. Edsons; ASV Armija:; Aleksandrs Patčs; ASV Krasta apsardze:; Rasels R. Vīše	Japānas Impērijas flote:; Isoroku Jamamoto; Hiroaki Abe; Nobutake Kondo; Nišizo Cukahara; Takeo Kurita; Jiniči Kusaka; Šodži Nišimura; Guniči Mikava; Raizjo Tanaka; Japānas Impērijas armija:; Hitoši Imamura; Harukiči Hjakutake
Spēks
60 000+ karavīru (sauszemes karaspēks)	36 200 karavīru (sauszemes karaspēks)
Zaudējumi
7100 nogalināti; 7789+ ievainoti; 4 sagūstīti; 29 kuģi zaudēti ieskaitot 2 aviācijas bāzeskuģus, 6 smagos kreiserus, 2 vieglos kreiserus un 17 mīnukuģus .; 615 lidmašīnas zaudētas	Armija: 19 200 nogalināti, no kuriem 8500 krituši kaujā 1000 sagūstīti; 38 kuģi zaudēti ieskaitot 1 vieglo aviācijas bāzeskuģi, 2 līnijkuģus, 3 smagie kreiseri, 1 vieglais kreiseris un 11 torpēdkuģi.; 683 lidmašīnas zaudētas ; 10 652 evakuēti

Gvadalkanalas kauja jeb Gvadalkanalas kampaņa bija kauja starp sabiedroto un japāņu spēkiem Zālamana salās, kas norisinājās no 1942. gada 7. augusta līdz 1943. gada 9. februārim Otrā pasaules kara Klusā okeāna teātrī.

Gvadalkanalas kampaņa bija daļa no sabiedroto stratēģiskā plāna aizsargāt okeāna konvoju maršrutus starp ASV, Austrāliju un Jaunzēlandi, un tā beidzās ar sabiedroto uzvaru.

Gvadalkanalas kauju bieži dēvē par Klusā okeāna reģiona kauju pagrieziena punktu, jo tā iezīmēja Japānas stratēģiskās iniciatīvas galīgo zaudēšanu un sabiedroto pāreju no aizsardzības uz ofensīvu.

Norise

Gvadalkanalas kauja sastāvēja no vairākām lielām fāzēm un daudziem atsevišķiem sadursmju notikumiem gan uz sauszemes, gan jūrā, kā arī gaisa cīņām.

7. augustā 1942. gadā ASV jūras kājnieki veica pirmo nozīmīgo sabiedroto amfībiju uzbrukumu Klusajā okeānā, izsēžoties Gvadalkanalā un blakus esošajā Tulagi salā. Viņi ātri pārņēma kontroli pār japāņu būvēto lidlauku, kuru vēlāk pārdēvēja par Hendersona lauku. Japāņi drīz vien saprata, ka salas zaudēšana apdraudētu viņu plānus kontrolēt Klusā okeāna dienvidu daļu.

Lidlauka kontrole bija galvenais Gvadalkanala kampaņas mērķis. Japāņu spēki atkārtoti mēģināja atgūt Hendersona lauku, organizējot masīvus uzbrukumus, bieži naktīs un ar smagu artilēriju. Tomēr ASV jūras kājniekiem izdevās aizstāvēt pozīcijas, līdz ar to lidlauks turpināja darboties, atbalstot sabiedroto gaisa spēkus.

Jūras operācijas ap Gvadalkanalu bija izšķirošas. Jūras kaujas, piemēram, Savo salas kauja, bija vienas no smagākajām Otrajā pasaules karā. Abas puses zaudēja vairākus kuģus un karavīrus.

Tā sauktā "Tokyo Express" — japāņu nakts operācijas, lai nogādātu piegādes un pastiprinājumus uz salu, bija būtiska stratēģija. Tikmēr sabiedrotie centās pārtraukt šos piegādes maršrutus, kas noveda pie vairākām sadursmēm.

ASV turpināja nostiprināt savu klātbūtni uz salas un apkārtnē. Viņu aizsardzība kļuva spēcīgāka, un līdz decembrim ASV spēki bija ievērojami palielinājuši savu karavīru un tehnikas skaitu. Pēc tam, kad Japānas spēkiem izsīka resursi, viņi 1943. gada janvārī pieņēma lēmumu evakuēt savus spēkus no Gvadalkanalas. Evakuācija beidzās 9. februārī, un ASV ieguva pilnīgu kontroli pār salu.

Atsauces

↑ Zimmerman documents the participation by native Solomon Islanders in the campaign at pp. 173–175.
↑ Jersey, pp. 356–358. Assisting the Americans in the latter stages of campaign were Fijian commandos led by officers and non-commissioned officers from the New Zealand Expeditionary Force.
↑ Garamone, Jim. «Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support». U.S. Navy, 2010. gada 9. novembris. Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2016. gada 23. oktobris. Skatīts: 2018. gada 9. janvāris.
↑ Frank, pp. 57, 619–621; Rottman, p. 64. Approximately 20,000 U.S. Marines and 40,000 U.S. Army troops were deployed on Guadalcanal at different times during the campaign. Figures for other the Allies are not included.
↑ Rottman, p. 65. 31,400 Imperial Japanese Army troops and 4,800 men of the Imperial Japanese Navy were deployed to Guadalcanal during the campaign. Jersey states that 50,000 Japanese army and navy troops were sent to Guadalcanal and that most of the original naval garrison of 1,000–2,000 men was successfully evacuated in November and December 1942 by Tokyo Express warships (Jersey, pp. 348–350).
↑ Tucker 2014, 213. lpp
↑ The USMC History Division states that the US ground forces (Army and Marine Corps) suffered 4,709 total wounded. Marine air units add another 127 to this figure. Frank notes that the Bureau of Personnel, World War II Casualty List, Books 2 and 3, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. lists US Navy wounded over the course of the campaign as 2,953, (Frank, p. 644) but this number appears to be an understatement.
↑ Frank, pp. 598–618; and Lundstrom, p. 456. 85 Australians were killed in the Battle of Savo Island. Total Solomon Islander deaths are unknown. Most of the rest, if not all, of those killed were American. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 1,768 dead (ground), 4,911 dead (naval), and 420 dead (aircrew). Four U.S. aircrew were captured by the Japanese during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands and survived their captivity. An unknown number of other U.S. ground, naval, and aircrew personnel were, according to Japanese records, captured by Japanese forces during the campaign but did not survive their captivity and the dates and manners of most of their deaths are unknown (Jersey, pp. 346, 449). Captured Japanese documents revealed that two captured Marine scouts had been tied to trees and then vivisected while still alive and conscious by an army surgeon as a medical demonstration (Clemens, p. 295). Ships sunk includes both warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.
↑ Cowdrey (1994) p. 71: "Of the 19,200 dead, only 8,500 were 'killed in actual combat,' the majority perishing by malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and beriberi." Naval personnel deaths both on land and at sea are not included.
↑ «Title». www.combinedfleet.com.
↑ Frank, pp. 598–618; Shaw, p. 52; and Rottman, p. 65. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 24,600–25,600 dead (ground), 3,543 dead (naval), and 2,300 dead (aircrew). Most of the captured personnel were Korean slave laborers assigned to Japanese naval construction units. Ships sunk includes warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.

Ārējās saites

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Gvadalkanalas kauja.

Encyclopædia Britannica raksts (angliski)
Encyclopædia Universalis raksts (franciski)

[1] Zimmerman documents the participation by native Solomon Islanders in the campaign at pp. 173–175.

[2] Jersey, pp. 356–358. Assisting the Americans in the latter stages of campaign were Fijian commandos led by officers and non-commissioned officers from the New Zealand Expeditionary Force.

[3] Garamone, Jim. «Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support». U.S. Navy, 2010. gada 9. novembris. Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2016. gada 23. oktobris. Skatīts: 2018. gada 9. janvāris.

[4] Frank, pp. 57, 619–621; Rottman, p. 64. Approximately 20,000 U.S. Marines and 40,000 U.S. Army troops were deployed on Guadalcanal at different times during the campaign. Figures for other the Allies are not included.

[5] Rottman, p. 65. 31,400 Imperial Japanese Army troops and 4,800 men of the Imperial Japanese Navy were deployed to Guadalcanal during the campaign. Jersey states that 50,000 Japanese army and navy troops were sent to Guadalcanal and that most of the original naval garrison of 1,000–2,000 men was successfully evacuated in November and December 1942 by Tokyo Express warships (Jersey, pp. 348–350).

[Tucker_p._213-6] Tucker 2014, 213. lpp

[7] The USMC History Division states that the US ground forces (Army and Marine Corps) suffered 4,709 total wounded. Marine air units add another 127 to this figure. Frank notes that the Bureau of Personnel, World War II Casualty List, Books 2 and 3, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. lists US Navy wounded over the course of the campaign as 2,953, (Frank, p. 644) but this number appears to be an understatement.

[8] Frank, pp. 598–618; and Lundstrom, p. 456. 85 Australians were killed in the Battle of Savo Island. Total Solomon Islander deaths are unknown. Most of the rest, if not all, of those killed were American. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 1,768 dead (ground), 4,911 dead (naval), and 420 dead (aircrew). Four U.S. aircrew were captured by the Japanese during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands and survived their captivity. An unknown number of other U.S. ground, naval, and aircrew personnel were, according to Japanese records, captured by Japanese forces during the campaign but did not survive their captivity and the dates and manners of most of their deaths are unknown (Jersey, pp. 346, 449). Captured Japanese documents revealed that two captured Marine scouts had been tied to trees and then vivisected while still alive and conscious by an army surgeon as a medical demonstration (Clemens, p. 295). Ships sunk includes both warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.

[9] Cowdrey (1994) p. 71: "Of the 19,200 dead, only 8,500 were 'killed in actual combat,' the majority perishing by malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and beriberi." Naval personnel deaths both on land and at sea are not included.

[10] «Title». www.combinedfleet.com.

[11] Frank, pp. 598–618; Shaw, p. 52; and Rottman, p. 65. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 24,600–25,600 dead (ground), 3,543 dead (naval), and 2,300 dead (aircrew). Most of the captured personnel were Korean slave laborers assigned to Japanese naval construction units. Ships sunk includes warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.

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